Was Us Justified in Using the Atomic Bomb in Japan free essay sample

Over the history of the United States, people have been debating over the issue of US using the atomic bomb on Japan. Some may feel that United States was justified and others might feel that US was not justified. The usage of atomic bomb in Japan might seem wrong today, but it was the best option during the war. The United States was justified in using the atomic bombs against Japan in World War II. Some may feel that the United States was justified in using atomic bombs against Japan. The US was obligated to use the atomic bomb, because, after the Potsdam Conference in July, US asked the Japanese to surrender in early August. Japanese said â€Å"no† and that they would never surrender. This left Truman with two very difficult decisions; one: keep fighting or two: use the atomic bomb to end the war. Truman chose the usage of atomic bomb on Japan to end the war quickly, by doing this, he saved tenth of thousands of American soldiers lives. We will write a custom essay sample on Was Us Justified in Using the Atomic Bomb in Japan? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According the Truman’s Decision to Drop the Bomb; four cities were recommended as targets: Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata, and Nagasaki. The bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, because of fewer populations. The atomic barely got the Japanese to surrender. Us dropped two, then only with the intervention of the Emperor and even then, there was an attempted coup to prevent surrender. If US have hadn’t used the bomb, the war could have lasted for decades. Others may feel that the United States was not justified in using atomic bombs against Japan. The drop of the bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki killed hundreds of thousands of people. It was unnecessary for United States to use 2 bombs on Japan, because Japan was already largely defeated. According The Ordeal of Hiroshima; it states that: people were having a normal, joyful and beautiful day then suddenly all gone in flash of light. The doctor describes how the city was in peace in one minute and how it was incinerating in the other. People were in agony as well as him. US killed innocents of people, they have committed a war crime and they have to be trialed for this. Not only people were killed my explosion, they were also killed by radiations. The US had no idea what the bomb could do before they dropped it. The bombs have been affecting the new born babies up to today. It was not right and it was not necessary. The United States was justified in using atomic weapons against Japan. It as either drop the bombs, kill a few thousand people or not drop the bomb, the war lingers on and more people die than the bombs killed. WW2 had to stop and this made it happen. Neither country could afford any more warring on the other, this was a costly expense. True the US killed innocent people, but if they didnt, more would have died at the hands of the Japanese and of the Americans. The bombs not only made sense, they save d lives. The war had to end because the Japanese soldiers were fighting inhumanely; they were fighting with the system of kamikaze. Over the history of the United States, people have been debating over the issue of US using the atomic bomb on Japan. Some may feel that United States was justified and others might feel that US was not justified. Supporters might say that US had dropped atomic bomb to end the war quickly and to save lives. Opponents might say that the usage of bomb killed millions of innocent civilians, it was unnecessary to even use the bomb, because Japan was weakened already. The United States was justified in using atomic bomb, because Japan was given a choice to surrender and they refused.

Outline Spy Essays

Outline Spy Essays Outline Spy Essay Outline Spy Essay SPIES Paul Janeczko is the author of The Dark Games, which is about sharing the truth about the loyal and the treacherous as well as about the technological advances that are changing the rules of gathering intelligence. The main purpose of him writing this book is to share the duties and characteristics of a real spy like Virginia Hall, Benedict Arnold and Aldrich Ames. This book collects stories of spies and agents that have worked both for and against America , from the formation of the United States in the Colonial Era to the more modern day spy Stories.Virginia Hall was one of the most successful woman spies who followed the footsteps of her elder sister who served before her. she is a really adaptable person who always moved from one place to another due to what she wanted to accomplish in her life. She had to be adaptable because she was going places and wouldn’t stay at a place due to the projects she was assigned to do because she was to be mov ing from country to country, state to state for different training and operation. If she wasn’t adaptable,she wouldn’t be able to communicate to thing and people around her.While on a hunting trip in turkey, she accidentally shot herself in the foot which had to be amputated from below the knee so therefore she was given a wooden leg. Although it kept her from working for the state department as she wanted she was able to adjust quickly to it and was determined to make a contribution. While others may have worried that Hall’s limp would make her too recognizable to be effective in the field, she learned to compensate by wearing long coats and walking with long strides.For her diligent and productive work in france, she was awarded the Distinguished service cross, the U. S military’s second most revered honored woman. Benedict Arnold was an early American hero of the Revolutionary War who later became one of the most infamous traitors in U. S. history afte r he switched sides and fought for the British. He had tremendous physical bravery and was a brilliant and cunning military commander. He also had a deep sense of personal responsibility, having personally raised his siblings.Arnold was also tremendously ambitious, and expected his extraordinarily successful military career to be acknowledged and rewarded. Arnold was extremely contentious and head strong, which caused him no end of conflict within the Continental Army and with Congress. He was profoundly concerned with his reputation and the way others treated him, sometimes rightly and sometimes wrongly believing that he was being conspired against and libeled. He was also exceptionally proud, perceiving slights from all directions and holding grudges for years.At the outbreak of the war, Arnold participated in the capture of the British garrison of Fort Ticonderoga in 1775. In 1776, he hindered a British invasion of New York at the Battle of Lake Champlain. The following year, he played a crucial role in bringing about the surrender of British General John Burgoynes army at Saratoga. Yet Arnold never received the recognition he thought he deserved. In 1779, he entered into secret negotiations with the British, agreeing to turn over the U. S. post at West Point in return for money and a command in the British army.The plot was discovered, but Arnold escaped to British lines. His name has since become synonymous with the word â€Å"traitor† Aldrich Hazen Ames (born May 26, 1941) is a former Central Intelligence Agency counter-intelligence officer and analyst, who, in 1994, was convicted of spying for the Soviet Union and Russia. In his CIA work, Aldrich Ames demonstrated the inconsistent performance typical of many thrill-seekers. He displayed what the CIA Inspector Generals report on this case called selective enthusiasm.According to this report: With the passage of time, Ames increasingly demonstrated zeal only for those few tasks that captured his im agination while ignoring elements of his job that were of little personal interest to him. In his espionage activity, Aldrich Ames ignored risks by conspicuous spending of his illegal income, carrying large packages of money across international borders, and leaving evidence of his espionage on his home computer and hidden elsewhere in his home. To conclude, Being a spy is just like a dramatic novel which interweaves many key and themes along with reoccurring motifs and extended metaphors.

Tips for Learning Irregular Verb Conjugations in Spanish

Tips for Learning Irregular Verb Conjugations in Spanish Learning the Spanish conjugation of verbs can seem cumbersome for those of us who are native English speakers. Most forms of English verbs vary little, we often add a -s or -es in the third-person singular and add -ed for the simple past tense. In Spanish, by comparison, verbs undergo many changes. If you can unlock the key to verbs, then you can unlock the key to the language. Regular verbs, meaning verbs with three common endings, -ar, -er and -ir that are conjugated or change the same way according to their ending, can take on 16 different forms due to changes in tense, mood or inflection. Irregular verbs, may seem even more insurmountable. Irregular verbs can have more than 50 different patterns. What follows are some handy tips for handling irregular verbs. Thankfully, there are few patterns that emerge that can help Spanish learners grasp irregular verb changes. Irregular Verbs Are Common Since many irregular verbs are commonly used, it will not take long until the irregular forms come naturally. English provides a good example of this. The English verb, to be, is perhaps the most commonly used verb in English. Its conjugation is irregular, too. Am, is, are are all forms of the verb. In Spanish, the verb to be, has two forms that are both irregular. Lets look at one form, ser, which is the permanent form. The conjugation  is not regular, and like English, the forms must be memorized. An example of ser  translated into the indicative, present tense is soy, meaning am,  eres, meaning are and  es, meaning is.   Irregular Verbs Can Follow Regular Patterns A number of verbs with an e in the stem change to an -ie- form when that syllable is emphasized. Thus calentar becomes calienta, comenzar becomes comienza  and perder becomes pierde. All follow a similar pattern in certain conjugations. In some ways, when you learn one irregular verb you will also learn dozens more. Irregular Verbs Have Many Similarities Many irregular verbs have similarities, most notably, verbs that are irregular in the future tense are irregular in the same way in the conditional form. For example, decir, to tell,  becomes dirà ­a in the first-person conditional and dirà © in the first-person future. Another example of this  is hacer, to do, becomes  harà ­a in the first-person conditional and  harà © in the first-person future. In these examples, for decir, the -ec- in the stem turns into -ir- and for hacer, the -ac- in the stem turns into -ir-. The ending gets dropped and gets conjugated according to the regular ending changes in the conditional and future tense for -ir and -er. Look at Pronunciations Some verbs are irregular only in their spelling. A good example of this is the verb  sacar, meaning to take out,  which  becomes saquà © in the first-person preterite.  If sacar  was conjugated using the regular -ar verb change, it would be sacà ©, which is not a Spanish spelling. It looks and  sounds incorrect in Spanish. This skill will take some  time to acquire since pronunciations will start to look or sound incorrect the more a speaker practices Spanish. Most Used Irregular Verbs Irregular Verb Meaning Ser or Estar To be Haber or Tener To have Hacer To do Decir To say, to tell Sentir To feel Poner To put Seguir To follow Ir To go Ver To see Saber To know Querer To want Dar To give

Finding an Editor Whos Right For You †By Stacey Dyer

Finding an Editor Whos Right For You – By Stacey Dyer Finding an editor who is right for you – by Stacey Dyer Check out all the newest Reedsy success stories right here!‘Punch Wedding Planning in the Face’ is what we are told to do by Stacey Dyer in one of the most outlandish books to have been seen on Reedsy. We thought it would be great to showcase the first gender-neutral, LGBTQ-wedding planning book ever in the universe (that we know of!) created on our very own Reedsy platform. Stacey Dyer talks us through her thoughts and experiences of working with one of our editors and how it helped bring a fresh perspective to her work and really bring it to life.For authors new and experienced, an editor helps to polish and sculpt your work into a final, sparkling piece of written art. New to publishing and working on my first book, I hit a wall after a few rounds of self-editing. I knew it wasn’t ready for the printed page but I didn’t know how to make it better, at least by myself. Maybe it's time to find an editor... But how?Finding an editor on ReedsyThanks to Reedsy , I was able to peruse and choose from their extensive list of editors. While I didn’t know what the average cost was, how much to budget, or truly what to look for in an editor, I knew what mattered most to me:Finding an editor who understood my brazen voice and wouldn’t try to sterilize itFinding an editor who was comfortable working with a gender-neutral, LGBT-friendly bookFinding an editor who might be able to embody a product manager, helping me to apply the purpose of the book throughout each chapterThe best part about Reedsy’s quoting process is the encouraged messaging between vendors and authors. I asked for a sample pass from those who responded to my query and shared a bit more about the vision of my book. From just this little bit of back and forth, I was able to gain a sense of how these editors might work with me. Rachel Small was one who caught my eye right away. The best part about Reedsy is the encouraged messaging between vendors and authors. When Rachel and I started to discuss AstroWed, she got it, immediately. There was energy and a collaborative nature to our exchange that got me excited about the future of the book. She was also laughing (very important for AstroWed!) and understood my voice as well as my goals. Rachel was indeed THE ONE.After that lively exchange, she sent a quote for editing AstroWed in all its 27,000-word glory. (The concept of asking for quotes based on number of words was new to me. It’s my first time working with an editor and writing a book for that matter, but Reedsy made it easy to understand.) Our Editing ProcessWe did a quick Skype call to chat about the following aspects of the editing process:How Rachel likes to workHow I like to workHow do we attack this book together?Common turnaround times when delivering the chaptersHow many chapters will/should get delivered?We settled on doing two chapters at a time and to let Chapters 1 and 2 shine a brighter light on our process together.Three fantastic tactics emerged:Rachel often makes the comment "OK?" to bring attention to a change she’s suggesting (usually because she’s changed the wording). I respond to many of these to give her extra context around the subject matter and either accept or suggest additional changes.I comment to these comments and other questions/suggestions throughout the doc like it’s a chat room from 1998. This makes it feel less like work and more like collaboration!I send my version back to her for further conversation. Usually a couple of overarching questions or ideas pop up and we flesh them out to shape future chapters.But enough with the words! Here’s what our process looks like in action:Day one1 -   Upon first receipt, the docs look like this: 2 -   Usually in the morning, I take a first pass to read through all comments, suggestions, and changes. I do this to also clear the clutter in the sidebar (it feels so overwhelming at first!) because when things look like progress, it usually means it IS progress.3 -   I highlight anything I need to write to, take a design note of, or chew on for a bit longer 5 -   I close the doc and move on to other things, allowing my idle mind to roll around in the suggestions and tasks ahead of me.Day twoI respond and write to all the suggestions I can.If there’s anything that stumps me, I leave it alone and tackle the things I can write to with ease.Day threeI address anything I couldn’t write to yesterday and just muster up the guts to get it done. (Often it’s just that I needed a day to think about the task in the back of my mind. These things come to me usually when I’m about to fall asleep, and therefore I end up with a lot of emails in my inbox from yours truly.)I turn off the â€Å"review view† and put myself in the reader’s shoes. I read through everything with fresh eyes, free of comments and sidebar clutter. After making a handful of small tweaks, I hit save and send the chapters back on their merry way to Rachel, who adds them to the master document.What’s left?To date, Rachel and I have c ompleted our initial passes on all the chapters. Since AstroWed is the universe’s most kickass wedding planning workbook, designed with a gender-neutral space theme, the final steps toward publishing are no small feat!Now it’s time to throw on my illustrator and designer hats, followed by Rachel taking one final pass across the whole doc for polish, grammar, and word choice. This will culminate into an epic pour of wine with Space-Odyssey-2001-like music in the background as I apply her changes in the final design doc, make one final proofread pass, and then prep all things for KDP Print. No big deal though†¦ I got this...I hope this helps you and other authors out there, and, at the very least, makes the path to publishing more tangible. I didn’t know what to expect, but I found Reedsy, and then Rachel, and then this funky 1998-chat-inspired method to keep a positive mindset on a boatload of work. I thought I was going crazy towards the end of my self-edit s, but having a fresh-eyed outsider is worth all the time and money in the world.Bottom line: Whatever motivates you to keep the momentum going, embrace it with a bear hug. Finding the right editor for you is one of the most fruitful decisions you’ll make in the journey of writing. "Finding the right editor for you is one of the most fruitful decisions you’ll make." How do you work with your editor? What keeps you motivated when going through the revisions? Share your experiences with us, or ask Stacey any question, in the comments below!

How To Tame a Wild Tongue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

How To Tame a Wild Tongue - Essay Example In order to engage the reader with a topic and understanding, Anzaldua finds it necessary to fully utilize Aristotle’s three strategies of argumentation: ethos, logos, and pathos. As a function of this particular understanding, this brief analysis will seek to analyze and draw inference upon the way in which Anzaldua utilizes rhetoric as a means of proving the points that she illustrates within her essay. Within Aristotle’s definition of the word â€Å"ethos†, the understanding and importance of character and the means by which this character is related is ultimately the most important aspect. Likewise, in seeking to understand the rhetorical means by which Anzaldua utilizes ethos as a means of engaging the audience, the reader need look no further than the fact that she does so not by setting herself up as an exception to the norm but rather by exhibiting her personal story through the likely and believable lens that it is necessarily indicative of a broader hum an experience. Although Anzaldua places a strong level of focus upon the personal struggle and unique aspect of identity robbery that language is ultimately affected upon her, this close level of analysis does not preclude the means by which Anzaldua’s character is analogous to humanity in general. In such a way, the defaults that she displays within her argument is born not upon the shoulders of a hero that exhibits a hyper intellects or some other amazing attribute; rather, the strength of her rhetoric buys upon the foundation that it is exhibited within each and every individual. Similarly, with regards to the logos of Anzaldua’s claim, this is clearly exhibited with regards to the sociological and psychological aspects of culture and development that she references within the text. Although the main point of her essay is to underscore the importance that formative experience has upon identity creation, it is impossible to perform such a task without first seeking t o direct a level of analysis based upon the academic understandings of the terms in which she uses. This should not be understood to mean that Anzaldua relies heavily upon an academic interpretation of the experience which she had; rather, it merely illustrates the point that for argument is fully cognizant of the fact that the subject matter in which she attempts to grapple with is ultimately something that can be understood far outside the scope of personal experience. Finally, the last rhetorical approach that Anzaldua utilizes is with regards to pathos. Aristotle necessarily defines pathos as a means of rhetorical argument in which emotional appeal is utilized. It should be understood from a careful analysis of Anzaldua’s essay that this particular method of rhetorical argument perhaps utilize the most. Typically, arguments that are steeped in pathos have traditionally been understood as necessarily weaker. However, within the case of this particular essay, it must be und erstood that the utilization of pathos as a legitimate means of which workable argument is not misplaced nor is it overstated. This is of course due to the fact of the subject matter in which Anzaldua seeks to engage the reader with is naturally one which engenders a great deal of emotion and psychological trauma; both for the writer herself as well as countless other

REFLECTIONS ON YOUR JOURNAL AND THE COURSE Coursework

REFLECTIONS ON YOUR JOURNAL AND THE COURSE - Coursework Example may fall sick at the workplace, either because of overworking or pitiable working conditions, they do not ask for leave because they fear losing their jobs. â€Å"Factors affecting working people today† is also another compelling story (Friedman). It details the economic and social conditions that affect workers in the contemporary society. Top of the list is unworthy working conditions, coupled with other factors such as low pay or underpay, change in technology, insecurity, and cultural and religious differences. The central theme in the stories is unworthy and deplorable working conditions that modern-day workers face in their course of duty. Poor management or negligence in the part of the administration to offer its workers a suitable working environment is a central reason for sickness and work-related injuries. From the journal reading, there are some policies and strategies that employees should adopt to ensure workers do not fall sick. Sickness and absenteeism affects productivity in a workplace, and this is detrimental to the success of an organization. It is essential that employers ensure the safety of their employees at all times through provision of appropriate safety equipment and provision of a healthy work environment. In addition, they should adhere to and enforce necessary labor

Networks and alliances in biotechnology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Networks and alliances in biotechnology - Essay Example It is general perception among the people in the market that the organization with higher quality collection of alliances will perform better in the long run, which leads to higher market valuation of the firms. The report prepared by the analysts of Goldman Sachs (2005) on the biotechnology firms has closely studied the alliances and has published a long list of such alliances, which suggested that there were quite large number of alliances in this sector. Apart from this, a study conducted by Baum, Calabrese and Silverman (2000) on biotechnology firms of Canada has found that the new firms are more capable of leveraging alliances, especially R&D alliances and are seen to grow at a higher rate. This report focuses on the strategic alliances in the biotechnology firms and unleashing their importance and implications. Primary activities of the Biotechnology Firms Biotechnology is one of the most important emerging technologies that generate several applications, which are applied to v arious fields such as healthcare, fine chemistry, food industry, agriculture and even in the environmental development. Biotechnology encompasses various research methods and technologies that are applied in various sectors. For instance â€Å"recombinant DNA technology can be used to produce large molecule medicines in the pharmaceutical sector, create new crop varieties in the agricultural sector, or create micro-organisms that produce industrial enzymes for the chemical sector† (Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development, 2005, p. 6). Reasons for collaboration of the biotechnology firms The alliance formation of the biotechnology firms has gained enough attention from many scholars. These scholars have tried to track the motives of the firms behind the alliances and have found quite significant number of reasons. The cost and risk of innovation involved in the product development for the biotechnology firms are quite high so a majority of the firms look for sha ring these risk and cost involved through strategic partnership. Apart from this, the biotechnology firms look for entering into strategic alliance with established rivals in order to avoid direct competition with those rivals in the product market. Keeping these motives in mind the two key driver that encourages the formation of alliance are firstly the accessibility to the knowledge and other complementary resources and secondly the search for legitimacy. Accessibility to the knowledge and other complementary resources An organization can be well defined as an open-system whose survival is highly dependent on the exchange of resources with various environmental aspects such as the competitors, buyers and suppliers. For biotechnology firms the need for accessibility to knowledge and other resources is due to the challenge that they face in commercialising the process and the development of the products that are considered to be highly resources-intensive. A large number of biotechn ology firms do not have the significant amount of required resources necessary for the execution of the process leading to the development of product; moreover, the intense competition leads to the further squeezing of the existing resources. Thus, strategic alliances provide a way of accessing the

Goodbye Mother by Reinaldo Arenas Research Paper - 1

Goodbye Mother by Reinaldo Arenas - Research Paper Example The short story opens with the death of the personas mother. The mother is portrayed as a powerful figure that has overall authority over her children. He recalls how the mother was strict and looked after them with an iron fist. The mother is symbolic of the country, Cuba. They loved their country, but with the revolution, it is constantly changing from the beautiful place they once knew to an ugly, terrible state â€Å"haven’t you notice the smell, the flies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦?† The country is now ruled by dictators, and all the good things are slowly dying (Arenas, pg.316). They have been replaced by beetles, flies, rats and maggots, which have been used metaphorically to refer to the oppressors. Since the coming of the Cuban revolution to power, the people have been oppressed. After the collapse of their motherland, the citizens display their loyalty to their country by choosing to die for it. He is gives a detailed description of the disgraceful behavior of the oppressors by using the flies and maggots to give a vivid a picture. After days of decomposition, the bodies have a started to rot and maggots have invaded it. It displays the rot in the revolution and how the oppressors are devouring the countries resources and mistreating the citizens. After the death of the mother, the sisters stab themselves to death as a sign of solidarity. This signifies the collapse of the pillars of the country. The social and economic aspects of the community are all eroded â€Å"watch how we gracefully glide over the field and garden doomed†¦.† During the revolution era, the country experiences so many calamities (Arenas, pg.316). Cuba suffered massive abuse of power and mistreatment by the dictators. In the Short story, flies have been used metaphorically to compare them to the behaviors and style of leadership employed by the dictators. The dictators have executed and massacred the martyrs, and the young adolescent boys shot in the firing squad. They are

The Future Financial Health of Look Ahead Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Future Financial Health of Look Ahead - Essay Example The monthly cash flow statements for Look Ahead are given in the table below. Cash Flow is one of the most important aspects of every business. A cash flow statement shows the total of the actual cash inflows and outflows of a business. A cash flow can be prepared for any time period. It helps the company get a clear view of the liquidity at any given point in time (Gillespie et al, 1997). The statements for Look Ahead provide valuable insight into the liquidity position of the company. The cash flow statements indicate that the liquidity position of Look Ahead will be very weak based on the estimates. Hence it is essential to opt for other sources of funds for maintaining a strong liquidity position (Berry and Jarvis, 1996). The overdraft calculations in the statement indicate the amount required by Look Ahead to prevent negative bank balance. From the table, it is evident that Look Ahead must have a Bank Overdraft option for at least  £ 270,000. The Profit and Loss Statement for Look Ahead is presented below. Profit and Loss Account is a financial statement which shows the companies profits and losses for a given period. A profit and loss account helps the company analyze how the profit or loss arose i.e. the main cause/s for the profit or loss, so as to make informed decisions for the future (Arnold et al, 1985). Based on the estimates, Look Ahead forecasts a profit of  £ 80,000. Profit and Loss statement includes all the expenses and the income recorded during the period, irrespective of whether the payment was received (Britton and Watterston, 1996). The projected balance sheet of Look Ahead in December 2007 is presented below. It is evident that Look Ahead needs to give due consideration to its cash inflows and other sources of funding, as the ending bank balance is negative. Also, the balance sheet indicates a total of  £ 240,000 as debt.

What Music Can Teach Us About Unity Essay Example for Free

What Music Can Teach Us About Unity Essay Music teaches you how to live, it makes you feel emotions, and explains things and situations. Music can motivate, encourage, and energize. Music holds a powerful position. Music can travel across country borders, barbed wire, and conflict. Music cannot be beaten, stolen, jailed, insulted. Music is not one person’s claim; no one can own music. Music can be interpreted according to you; theres no right or wrong way. Music is a language that can be understood universally without translation. In times of need and sadness music has the ability to unite people across cultures. Musicians are given the power to use their music as a bridge to change and social advocacy. After World War II there was a period of time of unparalleled energy. African American soldiers had returned from war and demanded equal rights. Numerous ways of resisting racial segregation and discrimination included civil disobedience, protests, boycotts, and marches. The people who would fight for their American freedom did so without a weapon to kill or the urge to kill. They had one means of protection, however, music. With a strong mind, a song in their heart, a want to be free, they sang through the thickness. Music was a fundamental part of the Civil Rights Movement. Music had given them courage. When non-violent protestors came together they faced beatings, fire hoses, shootings, and jail. They didn’t have any source of protection other than the strength they gained from music. People that went through these trying times , â€Å"sang, in order to uplift their spirits and keep their minds focused on what they were trying to achieve.† (45, Hast) Not only can music cause unity to fight for a cause but it can also bring people together to help out others. On January 12, 2010 Haiti suffered a 7.0 magnitude earthquake. There were 316,000 lives lost (Archibold). Musicians came together in order to create â€Å"We Are the World 25 for Haiti† a remake the 1985 recording for Africa. Within three days of releasing the song had sold over 267,000 downloads. People came together to purchase a song that was created by over eighty musicians (Who). The money was put forward to help with the aid and restoration of a country that did not have enough  resources to care for all of it’s people. The creation of one song brought together the globe in order to raise awareness. In history, sometimes, two opposing sides have been known to come together in peace. Granted, not often in song, but it can happen. In 1914, World War I launched the first substantial European war of the 20th century. Soldiers were told they would have a victory by Christmas but it was a false hope as it lasted for four years.On Christmas Eve of 1914 the British saw the Germans lighting candles and holding small Christmas trees. The message was clear: the Germans, who celebrated Christmas on December 24, were giving holiday greetings to the opposing side. â€Å"And then they sang ‘Silent Night’ ‘Stille Nacht.’†(Vinciguerra) Both sides laid down their weapons and joined in the middle. There was an undeclared truce. Even though the war resumed on December 26th there was still a welcomed pause. One song, a holiday necessity, had shown unity between two opposing sides. Gifts were traded and hands were shaken. A song had stopped a war. Unity is a condition of harmony. When people unite they come together for a common purpose. Unity is friendship, family, alliances. It is being undivided; standing together in both positive times and harsh times. It is multiple parts working together to create one great system. Unity is when people work better together than divided. Every second period of junior year, I would walk to the far side of Oakcrest High School and enter band class. I would pull out my beaten case and construct my alto saxophone for the one-thousand-three-hundred-and-twenty-second time. Second row up in front of Mr. Schwartz is where you can find me hidden behind a music stand. On that stand would be a foreign language; just dots mottled on the pages. I know how to decode that language. I can play that language in three different dialects: saxophone, piano, and clarinet. But, that isn’t the impressive part. When everyone would calm down, when the drummers ceased banging on snare drums, when trumpets stopped running their scales we would start. We didn’t just play our instruments. The clarinets begin with melody playing soft runs and mallet percussion help them reach their goal of measure eight.  There, trumpets begin a fanfare that could be played at a royal procession. All of the instruments meet up at measure twenty-five with melodies and harmonies with the bass drum matching with our ecstatic heartbeats. Music can not be achieved without unity. Even soloists, just one body and one instrument, can create unity through phrasing and technique. But, with a band it is much greater than that. A band cannot succeed if every member plays at 95%. Everyone must play everything correct or the piece falls apart. It is easy to depend on one person, but when there is forty people is when trust really takes place. A band becomes a well oiled machine with numerous parts creating one large system of beauty, defiance, and majesty all in one composition. Music can teach us about unity. This is vital because unity is something that keeps the world functioning. Whether it is a school ensemble, a youth group, a sports team, a business, or a government unity needs to be practiced. Everyone must be able to be on the same path to reach the same goals. The question may be asked, why if unity is so important that it is absent in so many teams? We see teams of all sorts as being dysfunctional. This is because it isn’t simple to be unified. There are always going to be obstacles and negative forces getting in the way of perfect unity. That is why we must look at what music can teach us. It shows the hours of sitting at home with song recordings and sheet music trying to form that perfect sound. It shows the hours of rehearsals where the band director formulates how to make the trombones and the baritone saxaphone play together in perfect harmony. If we can look at the unity of Lynyrd Skynyrd in â€Å"Freebird† or Led Zeppelin in â€Å"Stairway to Heaven† or Metallica in â€Å"Nothing Else Matters† we can learn from them. Maybe we could fix some things. When it is noticed that musicians can realize that without practice and pacifism towards others in band can truly accomplish things. It is hard to relate music to government but if the government could see what musicians can accomplish maybe they could accomplish more. Government is vital and there needs to be compromises, however, so much time is put into just winning the election that they forget why they are really there. They are there to compose their own music (laws) and the only way they can do that is if they  can work together in unity. Music has certain powers that other things do not. Music can break down social boundaries, halt wars, and raise awareness. Unity can bring people together in order to create a purpose. Music can teach us about unity and the way we should be living our lives. We need to have courage, we need to stop conflict, and we need to notice other people than ourselves. Music has the ability to do all of this. Music has the ability to change the world one note at a time. Works Cited Archibold, Randal C. Haiti: Quakes Toll Rises to 316,000. The New York Times. 14 Jan. 2011. The New York Times. 20 Dec. 2012 . Hast, Dorothea E. Exploring the world of music. 2nd ed.: Kendall/Hunt Company, 1999. Vinciguerra, Thomas. The Truce of Christmas, 1914. The New York Times 25 Dec. 2005. 13 Dec. 2012 . Who Do You Think You Are? Season Two. NBC.com. 20 Dec. 2012 .

The National Innovation System Management Essay

The National Innovation System Management Essay Firms describe innovation an essential factor to increase sustainable profits and market share due to the rapid globalisation and commoditization in goods and services (Westland, 2008). Miozzo and Walsh (2006) also state that firms effectiveness in competitive international trade in goods and service depend on two factors, which are: The scale of RD and other technological activities. The way in which the available resources are managed and organised both at the level of enterprise and at the national level. Thus, National Innovation System (NIS) will enable a country with limited resources to make rapid progress through suitable combinations of imported technology and local adaption and development (Freeman, 1987). With these combinations, national firms will transform to a market leader and countrys economy to flourish. Hence, in my essay, I will define meaning of NIS, my understanding of systemic aspect of innovation and discuss the different institutions involved in NIS in section 2. Section 3 and 4 will discuss how interaction in NIS can affect the innovative performance of national firms with a case study of Taiwan innovation system in section 5. Lastly, section 6 will provide a conclusion of my findings, and the gaps identified for future research. National Innovation System Since the 1980s, various authors (Freeman, 1987; Lundvall, 1992; Nelson, 1993) studied the concept of national innovation system (NIS) which is used as a main conceptual framework for analysing technological change, and to lay the foundations to improve the economic development of a nation. NIS can be categorized under narrow and broad definitions. The narrow approach (Lundvall 1992) is further defined by both Nelson (1993) and Freeman (1987). Freeman (1987) defined NIS as The network of institutions in the public and private sector whose activities and interaction initiate, import, modify and diffuse new technologies and Nelson (1993) defined NIS as a set of institutions whose interactions determine the innovative performance of national firms. Lundvall (1992) defined the broach approach of NIS by saying that NIS includes all parts and aspects of the economic structure and the institutional set-up affecting learning as well as searching and exploring the production system, the marketing system and the system of finance present themselves as sub-systems in which learning takes place. To summerise all the definitions above, I will use the definition by Metcalfe (1995). Metcalfe (1995) defined NIS as That set of distinct institutions which jointly and individually contribute to the development and diffusion of new technologies and which provides the framework within which governments form and implement policies to influence the innovation process. As such it is a system of interconnected institutions to create, store and transfer the knowledge, skills and artefacts which define new technologies. This led me to understand that NIS is a system to manage innovation and the meaning of systemic aspect of innovation. The system consist of various actors and institutions which the main components of the system. The term systemic aspect of innovation refers to how all these actors and institutions interact with each other in order to implement NIS effectively. Innovation is based on learning by collaborating and interacting with organisations and not by innovating in isolation (Edquist 1997:7, p20-22). This is further supported by Fagerberg (2005) who emphasis the systemic aspect of innovation processes. Lundvall (1992) and Nelson (1993) also stress that for innovative performance to improve, it is necessary to understand the linkage among the institutions involved in the innovation process. Main Component of NIS Before we understand the interaction among institutions that is important in NIS, it is necessary to understand what are the different institutions involved. However, the term institution is very subjective as different authors themselves have their own definition. Nelson and Rosenberg (1993) defined institutions as organisations, whereas Lundvall (1992) defined institutions as the rules of the game. This makes the understanding of institutions confusing. Therefore, to make a clear distinction for institutions in the essay, I shall use the definitions made by Edquist and Johnson (1997). Organisation Organisations are the formal structure where the players or actors in NIS are created with a purpose and goals (Edquist and Johnson 1997: 47). They are a total of four players (Pavitt. K and P.Patel, 1994; Capron et al., 2000). Institutions of Industrial RD (Capron et al., 2000). They are the business firms who are the major investors on Research Development (RD) in each nation economy for technological change activities (Pavitt. K and P.Patel, 1994). Institution of education (Capron et al., 2000). They are the universities providing basic research for the business firms and related training to the undergraduates (Pavitt. K and P.Patel, 1994). Institutions of public/private research (Capron et al., 2000). They are the public/private institutions providing general education and vocational training for the workforce (Pavitt. K and P.Patel, 1994). Institutions of technology bridging (Capron et al., 2000). They facilitate the interaction of institution in the innovation process to resolve mismatch or exploit the result of research performed by public research institutions to enhance the absorption power of existing firms and promote the creation of new-venture firms and university spin-offs. Institution Institutions, on the other hand, are the rules of the game which consists sets of common habits, routines, established practices, rules, or laws that regulate the relation and interactions between individuals, groups and organisations (Edquist and Johnson 1997: 46) which shape the behaviour of firms and other organisations by creating constraints and/or incentives for innovation (North 1990) that affect learning, searching and exploring activities (Bozeman and Dietz, 2001). There are a total two institutions. Institution of policy formulation (Capron et al., 2000). They are the government bodies performing a variety of activities to promote and regulate technological change (Pavitt. K and P.Patel, 1994). Institution of promotions of entrepreneurship (OECD, 1999). It is the ethos, culture, and attitude towards entrepreneurship and risk taking that can have an important influence on the innovative performance of firms (Miozzo and Walsh, 2006). Interaction of organisations and institutions in NIS In the past, NIS takes the form of a linear model in knowledge flow (Stoke, 1993). However, there are limitations to the linear model. This is because, in practice, ideas innovation derives from various sources and can be from any point of stage in the linear model. Furthermore, OECD (1997) said that innovation occurs from complex interaction between institutions instead in a linear sequence enabling knowledge flows to other institutions. As economic activities are becoming more knowledge-intensive, the success of firms, regardless of size, depends on how effective it is in gathering and utilizing knowledge from various institutions. OECD (1997) identified four main interactions that occur within NIS. Chang and Shih (2004) made some changes to the main interactions identified in OECD (1997). They combined the concept of joint industry activities and public/private interactions and named it as RD collaboration, retained technology diffusion and personnel mobility, and added a new interaction called informal interaction. Lundvall (1985) also identified the user-producer interaction. Appendix 1 summarizes the main components of institutions and the interaction among institutions which are discussed below. RD Collaboration The benefits of joint activities and public/private interaction have provided the firms a competitive advantage and a positive effect on the firms innovative performance. This is proven by several empirical studies from Klomp and van Leeuwen (2001), Janz et al. (2003) van Leeuwen (2002), Loof and Heshmati, (2002), Criscuolo and Haskel (2003) and Faems et al. (2004). RD collaboration enables risk and cost sharing in times of uncertainty in technological developments (Das andTeng, 2000;Tyler and Steensma, 1995), shorter innovation cycles (Pisano, 1990), pooling of resources to achieve economies of scale and scope and gaining synergies from complementary human and technical assets (Kogut, 1988; Das and Teng, 2000; OECD, 1997) and increase firms competences and skills by monitoring technology and market developments (Hamel, 1991; Roberts and Berry, 1985; OECD, 1997). RD collaboration also enables firms to discover new markets or market segment (Tether, 2002; Monjon and Waelbroeck, 2003). Furthermore, public/private interaction in RD collaboration enables firms to internalise and manage knowledge spillovers and remove the negative effect of spillovers on RD (Amir, 2003; De Bondt, 1996; Kamien et al., 1992; Suzumura, 1992; Leahy and Neary, 1997). In addition, RD collaboration also enables knowledge to be transferred voluntarily to firms (Katsoulacos a nd Ulph, 1998). Informal Interaction Informal interaction normally occurs in personnel communicating with one another in order to gain tacit knowledge and information more efficiently for problem solving and learning which is beneficial for the firm (Chang and Shih, 2004). This is because individuals can elaborate or modify what was said to handle objections and misunderstandings effectively (Kraut et al., 1982). Furthermore, informal interaction can overcome different frames of reference or clarify ambiguous issues to change understanding in a timely manner (Daft and Lengel, 1986, p.560) and when coordination is need in times of uncertainty and equivocality (Daft and Lengal, 1986). This is proven by Argote (1982) literature as it shows that people are more successful in performing their work. Technology Diffusion Technology diffusion is the dissemination of technical information and know-how from products developed by customers, suppliers, competitors and public institutions and the sequence adoption of new techniques and technologies by users (OECD, 1997; Tassey, 1992). Despite technology diffusion is slow-moving process, it is still important because the innovative performance of firms, regardless whether it is from manufacturing or service industries, depends on technology diffusion (OECD, 1997). This is because the innovative performance of firms depends heavily on innovation and products developed elsewhere (OECD, 1997) to obtain the foundations for high-technology development in the firm (Hsu and Chen, 1998). Personnel Mobility As tacit knowledge and skills are important to a firm, the mobility of personnel has become increasing important (Gruenfeld et al., 2000; Kraatz and Moore, 2000; Rao and Drazin, 2002). Personnel mobility is the movement of people and tacit knowledge that moves within industries and between public and private institutions (OECD, 1997; Chang and Shih, 2004). This may cause knowledge and skills to overlap which might result a firm in either reinforcing the firms current way of organizing or questioning the efficacy of existing organizing patterns (Tammy et al., 2003). In addition, Research from Argote and Ingram (2000) has shown firms knowledge library is initially facilitated by individuals. Hence, this determines that personnel mobility is important to the firms innovative performance. User-Producer Interaction Producers and users both have strong incentives to interact with one another (Lundvall, 1985). This kind of interaction is commonly found where the products are specialized and expensive capital goods. Producers can monitor process innovation within user firms and if it is successful, producers can use it to present to other users as product innovation. At the same time, users can monitor the competence of producers to identify which producers are competent to assist them in developing new product innovation. Hence, this helps to improve the innovative performance of firms as it enables them to produce new process or product innovation. Systemic Failure in NIS Despite that NIS approach is successful in various countries, there are still instances whereby systemic imperfections can occur leading to slowing down the innovation as a whole. Literatures from Carlsson and Jacobsson (1997), Smith (1997), Malerba (1997), Johnson and Gregersen (1994) and Edquist et al. (1998) focused on systemic imperfections, leading to a summerised list of systemic imprefections: Infrastructural failure (Smith, 1997; Edquist et al., 1998) is the physical infrastructure that actors need to use and the science and technology infrastructure. Soft and hard institutional failure (Smith 1999; Edquist et al., 1998; Johnson and Gregersen 1994) that may regulate economic behavior and interaction which may hinder innovation. Interaction failure (Carlsson and Johnson, 1997) from both strong and weak network failure can hamper innovation. Capabilities failure (Smith 1997; Malerba 1997) due to the lack of capabilities to learn and absorb knowledge effectively resulting in lock-in with existing technologies and unable to use new technologies. Although there are four factors involved in systemic failure, I will only discuss on how interaction failure can affect the innovative performance of national firms of any sizes in relation to the essay topic. Interaction Failure The innovative performance of firms is dependent on the interaction between institutions to develop and design products (Smith 1999). In the next few sub-sections below, I will discuss how both strong and weak network failure can hamper innovation. Strong network failure Carlsson and jacobsson (1997) describe strong network failure happens when individual actors are guided by other network actors in the wrong direction and consequently fail to supply each other with the required knowledge. These could be caused by the following factors: Myopia due to internal orientation. When relationships established for a long period of time results in trust relationship and habituation, this causes a certain degree of closure (Bogenrieder and Nooteboom, 2002). The group will be unwilling to exit the group or permit new entrants in leading to myopia and inertia (Nooteboom, 2000). This results insufficient attention to the development outside causing a lock-in to existing products. Lack of weak ties. Weak ties are the bridges to industries, educational and cultural background outside their inner circle. Granovetter (1983) and Burt (1987) emphasis the importance of weak ties leading to new knowledge and impulses or provide the knowledge that the individual firm lacks. These linkages can keep them updated with new developments and keep track on new knowledge, skills and resources. Dependence on dominant partners. The dependence may be due to asset specificity, switching costs or due to a lack of alternative partners that results in difficulty to find new partners for new innovation products or process. Weak Network failure Weak network failure (Carlsson and Jacobsson, 1997) happens when connectivity between complementary technologies and actors are poor, causing the possibilities for interaction learning and innovation to be under-utilised and failure to adapt new technological development. In addition, this will hinder the coordination of research efforts and investment due to a lack of shared vision for future technology development. Taiwan Innovation System In 1970s, Taiwan was an island nation with limited natural resources and a scarce domestic market. The government, local and foreign scholars recognized this problem believed they should set up an export-orientated strategy to develop high-technology industry to ensure a sustainable economy in Taiwan (Hsu and Chen, 2003) Hence, there was a joint effort by institutions and organizations to stimulate the development of high-tech industry. ST policies were formulated to assist the framework of Taiwan NIS (Hsu and Chen, 2003) shown in Appendix 2. Interactions in Taiwan NIS: The Case Study of IC Industry To illustrate the interactions in Taiwan NIS, this essay will be how the interaction of institutions (Appendix 3) led the growth of the IC industry in Taiwan (Appendix 4) to become the fourth largest producer in the world. As Fig. 3 shows, the Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA) is the main agency responsible for industrial technology development in Taiwan. Their role is to transfer the research results to the private institutions for product development and commercialization through technical assistance, information diffusion and manpower training. MOEA also works to strengthen the interaction between industry, government, universities and research institutions with the goal of optimizing the facilitation of industrial technology innovation. (Hsu and Chen, 2003) Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) was contracted by the government to act as the bridging institutions between industry firms and overseas public/private institutions. They interact with the private sector via technology transfer and collaboration to assist in technology development. National Science Council (NSC) also sponsored universities to collaborate with private sectors in joint research projects. By doing so, it provides technical assistance, technical information, and personnel training to the private sector. In addition, the introduction of new technologies, joint research, overseas investment and strategic alliance via the interactions between overseas corporations and research organizations also benefited the industry firms. (Hsu and Chen, 2003) Interaction Failure in Taiwan NIS: The Case Study of Biotechnology Industry Despite the successful implementation of NIS in the IC industry as mentioned earlier, the Taiwans innovation system in Taiwans biotechnology industry, consisting mainly SMEs, is still fragmented as the current status of industry is still insignificant in the world (Sun, 2005). In Sun (2005) survey for the biotechnology industry, he identified several systemic failures. However, according to the essay objectives, we will only focus the interaction failures that were identified. They are: Knowledge of public research made not available to public which prevented the transmission of the knowledge to the industries to develop (Porter, 1990). Insufficient supply of scientific research causing a lack of linkage between firms and research institutes (Sun, 2005). Lack of cross-border RD collaboration prevented local biotech firms to have access to foreign knowledge (Bartholomew, 1997). Hence, all of these points mentioned pointed that a weak network failure, one of the causes for interaction failure, was the cause that prevented innovative performance of Taiwans biotechnology firm. Conclusion This essay aims at discussing the interaction of institutions which will affect the innovation performance of national firms of any sizes. Based on the above discussion, I conclude that interaction of institutions can improve innovative performance of firms, but it can also hinder the innovative performance of firms as well. Strong interaction of institutions enables knowledge flows from one actor to another which is important to stimulate innovation. This enables firms to develop new technologies, products or processes to maintain its competitiveness for the firm or achieve cost savings which are crucial for its survival in the industry. At the same time, interaction of institutions can also hinder the innovation performance of firms. This is due to the factors mentioned above in interaction failure. Firms will not have access to new knowledge and technologies make them unable to innovate. Despite various literatures identifying the types of interaction among institutions, there is still room for improvement for future research in identifying the different types of interactions involved in institutions. Limited literature has been found to mention the types of interaction between government and the various organizations and institutions that helped to implement the preferred policies to enhance the innovative performance of firms. The interaction between them seems to be a one-way process. Hence, this calls for future research to identify what are the other interactions that can also help to improve the innovative performance of firms of any sizes.

Superconductivity Essay -- essays research papers fc

SUPERCONDUCTIVITY DEFINITION OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY Superconductivity is a phenomenon displayed by certain conductors that show no resistance to the flow of electric current. Conductors are materials in which the electron current goes through. There are 4 different kinds of conductors. Insulators, like glass or wood, have a very high resistance to electron current while semi-conductors, such as silicon, have a medium resistance. Conductors, like copper and other metals, have very low resistance, and superconductors, comprised of certain metals such as mercury and ceramics such as lanthanum-barium-copper-oxide, have no resistance. Resistance is an obstacle in the flow of electricity. Superconductors also have strong diamagnetism. In other words, they are repelled by magnetic fields. Due to these special characteristics of superconductors, no electrical energy is lost while flowing and since magnetic levitation above a superconductor is possible. This principle is employed in high-speed trains that travel at 483 km/h (300 mph) while lev itating on a cushion of air. MAKING OF THE SUPERCONDUCTOR When superconductivity was first discovered, it was established that the compounds needed to be cooled to within several degrees Kelvin to absolute zero (zero Kelvin). The large amount of cooling was done by putting the compound in liquid helium. Helium, which is usually a gas, liquefies when its temperature drops to 4 K. Once the material had cooled to that temperature, it became a superconductor. However, using liquid helium to cool down material has been a problem. Liquid helium is very expensive, and the cooling equipment is very large. In the past, there was no economic incentive to replace ordinary conductors with superconductors because the cooling costs for superconductors were so high. Scientists have found two ways to overcome the cooling problems. The first is to find a way to cool the material using something less expensive and less bulky than liquid helium. The second way is to raise the temperatures that are necessary to cause superconductivity in the metals, or the cri tical temperatures. By combining materials into superconducting alloys, the temperature was raised slightly. By 1933, the critical temperature was at 10 K, and it wasn't until 1969 when the critical temperature was raised to 23 K and scientists tried, unsuccessfully, to raise it again. The... ...ving atoms wandered out of the field, while the coldest atoms stayed in the center. Very few atoms could escape the coldness at the center, and the center is what became the new state of matter. Future Developments In the future, many scientists expect to have many new things due to superconductivity. Room temperature superconductivity would totally revolutionize the electrical power industry by making copper wires obsolete. Superconductivity would also improve transportation by changing the way trains, cars, and ships run. Magnetically levitated trains have the advantages of speed and quiet operation and the same magnetic levitation could be used with cars. Drivers would travel as fast as 150 mph on a highway and they would never have to worry about collisions. Ships propelled by superconducting motors would weigh less and would be more maneuverable. In conclusion, superconductivity will have a tremendous impact on our future, totally revolutionizing our way of life. Works Cited Seeber, Bernd Handbook of Applied Superconductivity University of Geneva Switzerland, 1998 Kresin, Vladimir. and Wolf, Stuart Fundamentals of Superconductivity New York and London Plunum Press., 1990

Why I Want to be a Teacher Essay -- Education Teaching Essays

Why I Want to be a Teacher School is a major part of our young lives. It is where we spend the majority of our time as youngsters. Children begin to develop relationships with people who have not been apart of their infancy. For someone who does not enjoy school, this could put a damper on their relationships with others as well as their learning achievements in life. This is why I want to become a teacher. I want to develop a learning atmosphere where children feel joy and security. I believe that enjoying and feeling that one belongs is an important part of education. Yes, I used the word that makes some people shiver when heard, education. Education is often viewed as an institution where children are forced to go by government. Even though education is for the child’s own benefit, it is not seen that way through the eyes of the child that dislikes school. Some parents have difficulty sending their children because they believe that their child should be allowed to play and be worry free. Children should be able to play for a little while before faced with the reality of life and responsibility. A good teacher proves that education is more than learning subjects and facts. Education is developing character, understanding how to handle life’s little obstacles, and learning how to communicate with peers and others who come into our lives. Learning needs to be provided in a way that the child does not realize that they are forced to att end. The child should contain a desire to go. While being entertained through games the child is unaware that they are learning such skills as sharing, taking turns, and criteria crucial for future learning. I feel that it takes a special person to teach and realize t... ...ned and where their lecture left off was an impressionable role model to me. I knew this teacher cared whether we learned because they had put time into their lessons. I knew this teacher was not going to lose the paper I worked on all week. My classmates and co-workers have made fun of my organizational skills, but I am proud to say I learned organizational skills in school and it has helped me everyday of my life. I want to be a teacher because education is an important step in life. Teachers are the people who represent role models for young America. They help society maintain order and continue development. Teachers have the opportunity to change and influence a life. To make a difference they can look back on. As I further my education, I see the importance of a well-organized classroom and teacher. This is the backbone of a successful classroom.

Miss fortune in My New School Story

Misfortune in my new school Arshia Amali I woke up by the blue jays singing by the tree beside my bedroom window. I got dressed in my blue jeans and my Adidas sweater. As I went downstairs my mom had a big breakfast set out on the round table. I sat down and as I started gobbling down the pancakes my brother joined us. We cleaned off the table and I took my backpack and put on my jacket to go out for school. My brother ‘Matt’ following right behind me.I and he decided to take the shortcut we found during summer break when we went biking, instead of the actual way through the streets. It had already started to snow in September and the shortcut through the pond was slippery, but we scrambled through it. As we made our way near the school, we saw some of the kids we saw when we went biking hanging out by the timeworn school sign. I guess my brother didn’t really want to enter school with me because he scurried off to a friend he met at a band competition during the break.I didn’t really find any friends during the break, except this kid named Jack who was my neighbour, but the problem with him was that he was one of the fattest kid I have seen, and all he would want to do was stay home and watch this TV show about a loser who always got beaten up. I stayed away from him all summer but I guess I shouldn’t have, because now I have to enter the school all by my self not knowing where to go or not knowing anything about the school. At least the school entrance looked warm hearted. I made way up the aged stairs of the school.I opened the door to the school and felt a warm breeze of air through my body. It didn’t look too bad like I imagined. To my left a bunch of kids were by the classroom talking to one of the teachers and to my right some kids all had their heads in one locker looking at something. I decided to go up to the administration desk and ask for my class list. The women behind the computer gave me the piece of paper with my classroom numbers. Since I didn’t know anyone, I decided to go to my class and get a bit familiar to the teacher. The classroom door was open so I decide to take a sneak at it.There was no teacher inside and so were no students. I guess no one was new to the school and had someone to hang out with. So I decide to stay in the class and read one of the books I still didn’t finish from last year until the bell ring. â€Å"BRING† The bell rang and bit by bit the students made their way in at a snails pace; I guess none of them were happy about school starting. But suddenly the most attractive girl I have ever seen came inside the room crowded with a bunch of boys trying to make a move with her. I guess she was probably the girl of the school.We started class a few minutes later and for the whole class I swear I couldn’t lay my eyes off of her until the boy behind me poked me at the back saying â€Å"Don’t even try bro. Every guy wants that gi rl! † With fury I turned around and saw a chubby boy and told him â€Å"What makes you think I won’t get her† and with confidence he said she only goes out with athletic people, making me sound like I’m not athletic. I needed to at least try to get her and to show the boy ‘Brendan† that I am athletic and could get her. But the truth was that I actually wasn’t that athletic.I was always the geek that stayed behind the computer playing games instead of going outside and playing sports. Instead of arguing with Brendan I decide to actually get to be friends with him since I didn’t know anyone else. First and second class passed by and now was lunch time. Brendan and I made our way through the halls to the cafeteria. We both got our lunch and made our way to a table where we could eat. While we ate he told me that the wrestling try outs would be today and that we should both try out since Alex will be there watching. I decide to give i t a go since she was there, and maybe wrestling will the sport I’m good at.I was actually eager to try out because I could probably show off some moves and get Alex attracted to me. For the last two blocks we didn’t really do much; we had both classes as science and all we did was read the safety rules for using the stuff in class. The bell rang and Brendan and I made our way to the gym. We got changed into our shorts and out on some equipment that the coach gave to us. We made our way into the gym; all the people trying out were big and muscular. I took a quick glance at the bleachers and saw Alex setting down with some other girl from our class.I knew I had to shine or it would go all bad. The coach put us into pairs with the same size for opponents. My bad luck struck because I was paired up with this girl that had tried out; I and she were the smallest and shortest people there so that’s why we probably got paired up together. The bad thing was that the coac h actually wanted us to wrestle each other and I didn’t really want to hurt a girl. We were the last ones to wrestle, so we both made our way to the matt and as soon as the coach said go, that girl attacked me and took me right down to the floor.Brendan helped me up and all I heard and saw was everyone laughing at me including Alex. I was pretty embarrassed. We all went back to the locker room to change back to leave. Everyone was making fun of me so I got myself out of there as soon as possible. I put on my jacket and opened the door to start walking back home. Instead of taking the shortcut I took the actual way through the street. As I was walking down the street across the school I saw Alex standing outside of the bank line with her mom. I thought the best thing to do was to change my way but instead I decided to be a man and pass her.I was around a foot away for her and suddenly a group of man came outside of the bank. They all had black masks with some sort of sweater s aying ‘BAD BOYS† on it with each of them wearing baggy ripped jeans. I guess they were robbing the bank or something because one the guys started to terrorise the people outside including me to not call the police. Then one of the guys opened some shots from his pistol in to the crowd and the only thing that popped into my mind was to jump in front of Alex to save her from a bullet; maybe instead of liking an athletic person she could like a hero that saved her life.I wasn’t really expecting the bullet to come her way but my bad luck it actually was going to hit her, so I lurched my self in front of her and got hit by the bullet. I was expecting my self to be in wounded by the bullet but instead I found my self in the hospital lying on the bed with my brother and mom beside me on the bed. I didn’t know exactly what was happening and exactly why I wasn’t dead or anything from the bullet. I asked my mom sitting beside me if they took the bullet out of me but she was more confused then ever before.So I asked her why I was in the hospital and she told me, when me and my brother took the shortcut in the morning on the way to school I fell down and hit my head on sharp piece of ice which got me unconscious. So all that just had happened to me was all a dream I guess. I’m just happy that all I went through in my dream wasn’t real because I would never want that to happen to me. And the best thing of all was that I got to miss the first day of school!

Language and Cultural Barriers

With so many people immigrating to the United States and all the companies that are doing business internationally, we must find a way to make it work. There are many ideas, learning groups and classes that are specifically designed to help people of all languages and cultures learn to work together and understand one another. The internet has shown that progress is inevitable; it is time for a change. Foreign-born immigrants are rapidly becoming a central part of the American labor force. This entry of immigrants is creating jobs in the fields of manufacturing, service and construction.With so many immigrants joining our workforce, it is the best idea for employers to embrace this idea and find ways to link these languages and culture barriers. Charleston, WV Immigrant Statistics (quickfacts. consensus. gov, 2010) †¢ Charleston, WV Population as of 2006: 50,846. †¢ Foreign Born Persons as of 2000:3. 2% †¢ Language other than English spoken:5. 3% In 2006, the foreign-b orn population of West Virginia was 2. 5%. The majority of immigrants in West Virginia are from the following (usimmigrationsupport. com, 2010). †¢ 34. 9% Mexico 10. 1% Canada †¢ 6. 7% Germany †¢ 23. 6% UK, Korea, Philippines, China, Japan, India and Soviet Union Cultural and language barriers can create communication problems which can cause hazardous conditions, especially in the blue collar fields. People’s stereotypes can get in the way of hiring a good worker, we need to look beyond the stereotypes and see what kind of person they really are. Some companies require certain educational backgrounds, and don’t take into consideration the applicants experience and education when coming from another country.All countries can stand to learn a little bit about tolerance when it comes to foreigners. In foreign countries, certain acts are considered social suicide, such as receiving a business card from someone in Japan and stuffing it in your pocket. The Ja panese consider their business cards a symbol of themselves. Some other common cultural differences are: †¢ Roles and Status—in some countries women are considered inferior and are expected to walk behind the males. Some countries females are not expected or allowed to work.What is considered normal in American culture regarding etiquette for a working woman is far different in other countries. In Latin American countries, colorful business attire is welcomed, however, in Asia and the Middle East, the norm is neutral-colored clothing and nothing else. When conducting a meeting in Islamic Middle East, a female must have a male host that accompanies them to their meetings, where they may well be the only female in attendance. †¢ Personal Space—Americans usually stand about 5 feet away from each other, however, Japanese cultural likes more space and the Latin cultural likes to stand closer.In China it is acceptable to push your way through a crowd and you may be invited to spa where nudity is considered appropriate. †¢ Body Language—In America, eye contact is considered a sign of respect. People in the Japanese culture considers it is a sign of disrespect to look directly at a superior. Where Americans are very animated with their facial expressions, Asians are sometimes considered emotionless. Closed eyes mean a person is bored or sleepy in America, but in Japan and Thailand it shows that you are listening and concentrating.Such a simple gesture as a friendly kiss is prohibited in parts of Asia where it is considered a sexual act. In the Middle East and parts of Indonesia, the left hand is considered unclean. †¢ Personal Appearance—In various parts of the world, Americans are considered careless with dress, manners and body movements; generous with neighbors, superficial, shallow and short-lasting with friendships, ethnocentric—less interested in others, independent, and individually feeling. In some countri es, our dress is considered provocative and rude.In countries such as China, India and Russia, women must keep their knees and elbows covered and shirts must be buttoned completely up to the neck. Pants are frowned upon in Japan and in the Middle East, cleavage is a definite no-no! However, in Latin America, women are appreciated for wearing bright, stylish clothing. Employers can help by being practical and learning to tear down the barriers, employers can reduce worker’s compensation injuries, improve the ability to recruit, hire and retain workers and increase productivity (charlotteworks. org, 2010).There are a lot of people in the United States who feel that people who live in our country should learn to speak our language; while this might not be the most practical statement, it makes sense when talking about positions such as customer service or anything that requires directions. It is so easy to misunderstand someone and then something goes terribly wrong. However, wh o’s to say it shouldn’t be the same way when we go to another country to work? Most foreign countries have a large number of citizens that do speak the English language, especially in terms of the business world.However, the more languages you can speak fluently will help you if you plan a future in International Business. International businesses should require employees to take language classes in at least one language where they conduct business; it’s only fair to the people in that country. So many things can be misconstrued if you don’t know the language and try to conduct business without an interpreter, especially when it comes to jobs that require strict policies to keep employees safe. If an employee doesn’t understand instructions, or misinterprets them, there is a significant change of injury which can hurt the company as well.Even when foreign workers in America can speak English, there are so many slang terms that they may not really u nderstand what is being said. When going to a foreign country to work, the employee must conduct research and learn as much as they can about the country and their customs and realize that they cannot generalize the people of a certain area. There are many different cultures inside a country and they should not all be lumped together under a stereotype. We must learn that every person is an individual and has different values and ways of life.The employer can provide a mentor to the new employee so they can get better adjusted with the culture and office policies. Culturosity. com (2010) provides the following 10 Strategies for Overcoming Language Barriers: †¢ Speak slowly and clearly. †¢ Ask for clarification. †¢ Frequently check for understanding. †¢ Avoid idioms. †¢ Be careful of jargon. †¢ Define the basics of business. †¢ Be specific. †¢ Choose your medium of communication effectively. †¢ Provide information via multiple channels. â € ¢ Be patient. In summary, our world is changing and the idea of International Business is coming upon us quickly.We must learn patience no matter if we are the foreigner in a different country, or if we are welcoming new employees into our company. They key to overcoming language barriers is education. We must learn about the countries we do business with and they must learn about our country. There are so many different cultures and languages that it will be helpful to learn different languages and brush up on other countries way of life.References 1. 10 Strategies for Overcoming Language Barriers. (n. d. ) Retrieved from www. culturosity. com 2. Breaking Down Language Barriers. (November 19, 2005) Retrieved from www. forbes. com 3. Communication Breakdown; Overcoming Cultural and Language Barriers in the Global Gear Market. (May 2008); Retrieved from www. geartechnology. com 4. Cultural and Language Barriers in the Workplace. (February 2002). Retrieved from the www. charlottew orks. org 5. State and County Quick Facts. (October 26, 2010). Retrieved from www. quickfacts. census. gov 6. Immigration to West Virginia. (n. d. ) Retrieved from www. usimmigrationsupport. org.

Attorney Client Privelege Essay

The attorney-client privilege, which dates back to the reign of Elizabeth I, was originally based on the concept that an attorney should not be required to testify against the client and, thereby, violate a duty of loyalty owed to the client. At that time, it was the lawyer who held the privilege. Today, the privilege is held by the client; while it may be asserted by the lawyer on behalf of the client, only the client can waive the privilege. Silverman, 1997) Although Silverman states that only the client can waive the privilege; he forgot to mention that if a client discloses to his attorney that he plans on committing a crime that would harm someone else, the attorney is then obligated to report it to the authorities. If a client is discussing a matter with their attorney in a public place and someone over hears it; that can be used in court. Only conversations between the attorney-client in private are considered privileged information. The attorney-client privilege is important to our criminal justice system for the simple fact that a client would be more apt to tell the truth to their attorney. When the attorney does not have all of the facts at hand; they may not be able to represent the client appropriately. If a client knew the information they were disclosing to their attorney wasn’t in confidence; they may not tell the attorney what they need to know. Our Constitution protects us from wrongful imprisonment and the US Supreme court upholds the very old legal concept. If there wasn’t attorney-client privilege then the defense would not need to fight for their client in court, thus making it easier for the prosecution to not have to properly present their case. This could result in innocent people going to prison being stripped of their liberty. One of the major concerns facing attorney-client privilege is e-discovery. With the prevalence of electronic communication, preserving client confidentiality during document production is more challenging than ever. An attorney must track and find all the information that is pertinent to their case. This includes investigating possible electronic information. If the attorney does not have the same information that the prosecution may have; it can damper the case. Electronic information is not included under attorney-client privilege. Therefore, the client should privilege the attorney with any information that may be available to the prosecution through e-discovery.

Analysis Essay Example

Analysis Essay Example Analysis Essay Analysis Essay This policy points to yet another opportunity for them. Garment quality can be improved if it is overseen as well as purchased locally. This in turn can create a larger profit margin if marketed correctly alongside and expanded online market. Other expansion opportunities include opening Of more stores in Africa as well as an increase in the amount of organic cotton seed to manufacture garments. HM also has a variety of sub-brands under its umbrella including Cheap Monday and and Monk. HM can amass a large portion of space in the market if more companies and brands are encompassed under the brand. Promotion Objectives General Objective What we plan to achieve, by the implementation of our promotional program, is to increase sales. Specific Promotion Objective Our objective is to increase and expand our customer base globally. HM reaches 55 different markets with 3,300 stores worldwide. (HM Worldwide, n. D. ). However, despite the fact that HM expands to 55 different markets, hey have a limited presence online. Currently, HMs online shopping feature is only offered in 13 countries. (Regions, n. D. ). Some of the countries excluded from the list are Canada, Mexico, Japan, Korea, and Hong Kong. These are all major contributor to the amount of physical stores worldwide. Despite their large presence physically, they are not being catered to electronically. We believe that if We open up this sales medium to more global markets, our clientele will increase and in turn contribute to increased revenue. Target Audience The audience that we are targeting are online shoppers in the countries that o not currently have an online H store that they can shop at. We are specifically targeting millennial, those consumers aged 18 to 34, remain the key age demographic for online commerce, spending more money online in a given year than any other age group. (Smith, 2014). Promotion Theme The only way online sales in all countries can increase is for all countries to have an online store. Until this is done, H can make up for the loss sales by pushing consumers to shop in store. In order for H to help reach their target market, they can make their central theme for their advertisements H around the world. The idea behind this theme is to help reach out to those who may not be able to shop online but can still buy from a store. The major selling points that will be shown are top selling pieces in different countries. By showing different pieces from each country, it can help consumers realize that is an influential brand in different countries even though they only have online shopping available for a limited number of them. They can use different celebrities from each country so that when consumers think of those celebrities, they are also thinking of H. Selling points for these items will be the low price and will showcase two or three key pieces per advertisement. It is important to only show a limited number of products per advertisement so consumers can remember all pieces as opposed to a few of them. By promoting high selling pieces in countries without online shopping, it can increase spending in Store because consumers know they cannot purchase the items any. Veer else. The positioning for these promotions will be functional. They will increase brand loyalty through buying benefits such as discounts for avid customers or customer reward cards.

buy custom Accounting Equations essay

buy custom Accounting Equations essay In every business entity, every transaction has an effect on its financial position. Assets, liabilities, and owners equity or shareholders equity measures the financial position of a business. In a sole proprietorship, the accounting equation is as follows: assets = liabilities + owners equity, while a corporations accounting equation is assets = liabilities + shareholders equity (The Accounting equation, 2010). In a business, an example of a transaction, which would increase an asset account and increase a liability account, would be purchase of inventory on credit. For example, assume Mr. Smith, a new business owner, acquires items for sale on credit from a supplier (we assume the items purchased are worth $100). Before the transaction, the accounting equation for the business would be, $0 capital + $0 liabilities = $0 assets. After making the transaction, the new accounting equation would appear as follows: $0 capital + $100 creditors = $100 stock. To illustrate a transaction, wich would increase an asset account and increase the owners equity account, we assume that at the beginning of year 2011, Mr. Smith brings in $ 1,000 as capital contribution. This transaction would result into increase in owners equity account (capital account) and increase in assets (cash). The new accounting equation for Mr. Smith would be as follows: $1,000 owners equity + $100 creditors = $1,000 cash + $100 stock. We further assume that during the first week of operation, Mr. Smith sold the stock, and used the money from sales to pay his creditor. This transaction would result into reduction of inventory as well as the creditors balance. The new accounting equation for Mr. Smiths business would be as follows: $1,000 owners equity + $0 liabilities = $1,000 cash + $0 stock. If we assume that Mr. Smith took $200 from the business to purchase furniture for his business, this type of transaction would increase one asset account (furniture) and decrease the other asset account (cash account). The new accountinng equation for Mr. Smiths business would be $1,000 capital + $0 liabilities = $800 cash + $200 furniture. To illustrate a transaction, which would decrease one liability account and increase another liability account, we assume that Mr. Smith takes a short-term loan from his bank to pay for accrued monthly rent for the business premises at the end of the month of May. This transaction would result into increase in liabilities (a credit entry in the short-term bank loan account), while the accrued rent account would decrease (a debit entry in accrued rent account). We assume that in the month of May, Mr. Smith takes cash drawings from the business for personal use. This type of transaction would cause a decrease both in the owners equity account and in cash account. Assuming Mr. Smith takes $50 from the business, the owners equity account would be debited with cash $50, while the cash account would be credited with drawings $50. The new accounting equation would be $950 capital + $0 liabilities = $750 cash + $200 furniture. Buy custom Accounting Equations essay

How to Write an Essay about Yourself †Getting Personal

How to Write an Essay about Yourself – Getting Personal How to Write an Essay about Yourself – Getting Personal Write an essay about yourself? Wasn’t that something done in elementary and middle school? Actually, yes, it was, but writing an essay about yourself may be resurrected once you hit college, in a couple of courses. The Autobiographical Essay in English Comp Any essay that you write about yourself is considered a narrative, even if the topic should be only a little â€Å"slice† of your life. When you were in elementary school, you probably wrote essays about your favorite toy, your favorite best vacation, etc. In college, however, you may be asked to write an essay about yourself in relation to a far more â€Å"adult† topic. In an English class, for example, you may be tasked with writing an essay on one of the following topics: How are your values different now than they were in middle school? What values do you have that your parents’ generation does not? What experiences led you to choose your major field of study? If you could be anyone else in the world who would it be and why? If, 10 years from now, you considered yourself a success, what would your life be like? The Personal Essay in Sociology Because sociology is the study of society and groups within that society, you might want to be prepared for an essay on a topic like these: How would you describe your family and your place in it? How has your socio-economic status impacted your values? What type of family unit will you pursue as an adult? What will be your ideal workplace? The Personal Essay in Political Science Normally, you would not think of writing an essay about yourself in a political science class, but these are becoming far more common. Here are some potential topics: Do you affiliate with a particular Party? Why or why not? How do you decide for whom you will vote? Structuring the Essay About Yourself If you think you don’t know how to write an essay about yourself, think again. The structure for this type of essay is just as it is for all essays. You have the topic You need to develop a thesis statement. Obviously, you will be the subject of that statement, but it must relate to the topic. For example, â€Å"Growing up in poverty has had a major impact on the person I am today, in three important ways.† Your 3 body paragraphs will each address one of the â€Å"important ways.† Conclusions in these types of essays often look toward the future, and you may do that or restate your thesis in a different say. You see? You do know how to write an essay about yourself. And it is usually more easily written because, after all, who know you better than you?

Choosing the Right Philosophy Ph.D. Program For You

Choosing the Right Philosophy Ph.D. Program For You Choosing a philosophy  program can be extremely difficult. In the U.S. alone, there are over 100 well-established schools granting graduate degrees (M.A., M.Phil., or Ph.D.) in philosophy. Needless to say, Canada, the U.K., Australia, France, Spain, Holland, Belgium, Germany, and several other countries have advanced degree programs that are well-regarded, too. How should you decide which program is best for you? Length of the Degree and Financial Aid One of the most important factors to consider when choosing an academic program is the length. When it comes to Ph.D. programs, U.S. departments typically require a longer period of study (between roughly four and seven years) and usually offer multi-year financial aid packages. Other countries have different systems, and in the U.K., France, Germany, and Spain, it is more common to find three-year Ph.D. programs, some of which offer financial aid. The financial aid aspect can be a decisive factor for many students. Fresh graduates of philosophy Ph.D. programs can expect to face more challenges in the job market than graduates of law school and medical school programs. Even for graduates fortunate enough to obtain an academic job after completing their degree, it can be difficult to pay off thousands of dollars in loans. For this reason, it is not recommended to begin an advanced degree in philosophy without first securing proper financial aid. Placement Record Another important characteristic of an advanced degree program is its placement record. What sorts of jobs have the graduates from the program secured over the last few years? The placement record  can be an important indicator for prospective students. Keep in mind that placement records can improve or weaken on the basis of  changes in the reputation of the faculty members of the department and, to a smaller degree, of the institution. For instance, the philosophy departments  at  New York University  and  Rutgers University  significantly transformed their reputations since the early 2000s, and in 2017 their graduates were among the most sought-after on the market. Specialty It is, however, important to choose a program that suits the interests of the prospective student. In some cases, a relatively less-known program may actually be a students best choice. For instance, for someone interested in phenomenology and religion, the  University of Louvain  in  Belgium offers an excellent program.  Ohio State University  offers a top-notch program for students interested in the philosophy of mathematics. Because Ph.D. programs take years to complete and require a great investment on the part of the student, it is important to find a school where the student can engage intellectually with other students and faculty on the subjects that most interest them. That may be, in some cases, a prestigious name-brand school. It may also be a smaller school that happens to be less prestigious. Location Enrolling in a Ph.D. program often requires relocating- to a new country, a new city, a new neighborhood. Before making this drastic change, students should consider the location of the school and ask themselves whether they believe they can thrive in that environment. A sleepy college town may be the perfect study-zone for some students. Others may be more comfortable in a crowded city. Prestigious Departments Which schools have the most prestigious philosophy departments? It depends on how you measure prestige. Programs are always changing, and star faculty sometimes move from one program to another. Nevertheless, there are a number of schools that are known for the strength of their philosophy programs. They include Harvard University, Princeton University, the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, University of Pittsburgh, M.I.T., University of Pennsylvania, U.C.L.A., Stanford University, U.C. Berkeley, Columbia University and the University of Chicago. Department Rankings For more detailed information about how different schools compete, students can consult department rankings. The most influential ranking is probably the Philosophical Gourmet Report, edited by Professor Brian Leiter of the University of Chicago. The report, based on the evaluations of 300 faculty members, also contains a number of useful additional resources for prospective students. More recently, the Pluralist’s Guide to Philosophy Graduate Programs  has offered an alternative perspective on the strength of various philosophy departments. This guide focuses on a number of research areas that are not as prominent in Leiters report. Another ranking that deserves some attention is the Hartmann Report, edited by graduate student John Hartmann.

Race and American Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Race and American Revolution - Essay Example Giving the Indians and the Africans a more prominent role meant that the older white-dominated success story f early America would have to change, ideally to be replaced by a more complicated story f cultural conflict and cultural intermingling. Nash next turned to the origins f the American Revolution, and in Urban Crucible, in 1979, he argued that the tensions arising from poverty and other underlying social and economic inequalities in the cities led to a radical lower-class politics that helps to account for the Revolution. Over the past several decades, Nash has devoted himself to the study f African American slavery and African American anti-slave movements--subjects on which he has written his best work. (Skemp 1429-1431) At the same time, together with Charlotte Crabtree at UCLA, he launched the National History Standards Project with funds supplied by the National Endowment for the Humanities. The published work, National Standards for United States History: Exploring the American Experience, which appeared in 1994, was repudiated by former NEH head Lynne Cheney, who had funded it, and disowned by the U.S. Senate by a vote f ninety-nine to one, though few senators actually read the standards. Through all the controversies and attacks--from the left and from the right--Nash never lost his faith that a fairer, more just, and more equitable America could be created by a more "inclusive" historiography, by historians uncovering all the inequities and brutalities f early America, especially those inflicted on Native Americans, African slaves, and poor lower-class whites. Although he did not write extensively on women in early America, inevitably he has been sympathetic to their cause as well. Nash has always sought to project his political vision into his history-writing. As much as anyone, Nash seems to represent the best f the "race, class, gender" historians f the past generation, who have succeeded remarkably in transforming the kind f history taught in many colleges and universities. His role as one f the leaders f this major historiographical transformation makes his book on race and revolution all the more significant. Here Nash applies the "race, class, gender" formula to what is arguably the most important event in American history. Although Nash has titled his book Race And Revolution, his interpretation f the Revolution may not be as unknown as he makes it out to be, owing to the revisionist work f many academic historians over the past four decades. As a result f this work, many people now know who Crispus Attucks is. (But can anyone name the other four victims f the Boston Massacre) f course, if polls f seniors from leading colleges and universities are to be believed, many events f the Revolution appear to be unknown by even the best-educated Americans. Only 34 percent f college seniors were able to identify George Washington as an American general at the battle f Yorktown. Only 23 percent knew that James Madison was the "Father f the Constitution." When Nash laments the "historical amnesia" f Americans, he doesn't appreciate the half f it. (Foster 20-27) Nash intends his book to be "a history f inclusion," an effort to bring into the story f the Revolution those who have been long forgotten: poor whites, Indians, African Americans, women. Compared with the likes f Washington and Madison, these people may have been lowly and